---
title : "Assignment4: TSPL Assignment 4"
permalink : /TSPL/2019/Assignment4/
---
```
module Assignment4 where
```
## YOUR NAME AND EMAIL GOES HERE
## Introduction
You must do _all_ the exercises labelled "(recommended)".
Exercises labelled "(stretch)" are there to provide an extra challenge.
You don't need to do all of these, but should attempt at least a few.
Exercises without a label are optional, and may be done if you want
some extra practice.
Please ensure your files execute correctly under Agda!
**IMPORTANT** For ease of marking, when modifying the given code please write
-- begin
-- end
before and after code you add, to indicate your changes.
## Good Scholarly Practice.
Please remember the University requirement as
regards all assessed work. Details about this can be found at:
> [https://web.inf.ed.ac.uk/infweb/admin/policies/academic-misconduct](https://web.inf.ed.ac.uk/infweb/admin/policies/academic-misconduct)
Furthermore, you are required to take reasonable measures to protect
your assessed work from unauthorised access. For example, if you put
any such work on a public repository then you must set access
permissions appropriately (generally permitting access only to
yourself, or your group in the case of group practicals).
## Imports
```
import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality as Eq
open Eq using (_≡_; refl; sym; trans; cong; cong₂; _≢_)
open import Data.Empty using (⊥; ⊥-elim)
open import Data.Nat using (ℕ; zero; suc; _+_; _*_)
open import Data.Product using (_×_; ∃; ∃-syntax) renaming (_,_ to ⟨_,_⟩)
open import Data.String using (String; _≟_)
open import Relation.Nullary using (¬_; Dec; yes; no)
```
## DeBruijn
```
module DeBruijn where
```
Remember to indent all code by two spaces.
```
open import plfa.part2.DeBruijn
```
#### Exercise (`mul`) (recommended)
Write out the definition of a lambda term that multiplies
two natural numbers, now adapted to the inherently typed
DeBruijn representation.
#### Exercise `V¬—→`
Following the previous development, show values do
not reduce, and its corollary, terms that reduce are not
values.
#### Exercise `mul-eval` (recommended)
Using the evaluator, confirm that two times two is four.
## More
```
module More where
```
Remember to indent all code by two spaces.
### Syntax
```
infix 4 _⊢_
infix 4 _∋_
infixl 5 _,_
infixr 7 _⇒_
infixr 8 _`⊎_
infixr 9 _`×_
infix 5 ƛ_
infix 5 μ_
infixl 7 _·_
infixl 8 _`*_
infix 9 `_
infix 9 S_
infix 9 #_
```
### Types
```
data Type : Set where
`ℕ : Type
_⇒_ : Type → Type → Type
Nat : Type
_`×_ : Type → Type → Type
_`⊎_ : Type → Type → Type
`⊤ : Type
`⊥ : Type
`List : Type → Type
```
### Contexts
```
data Context : Set where
∅ : Context
_,_ : Context → Type → Context
```
### Variables and the lookup judgment
```
data _∋_ : Context → Type → Set where
Z : ∀ {Γ A}
---------
→ Γ , A ∋ A
S_ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ∋ B
---------
→ Γ , A ∋ B
```
### Terms and the typing judgment
```
data _⊢_ : Context → Type → Set where
-- variables
`_ : ∀ {Γ A}
→ Γ ∋ A
-----
→ Γ ⊢ A
-- functions
ƛ_ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ , A ⊢ B
---------
→ Γ ⊢ A ⇒ B
_·_ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ⊢ A ⇒ B
→ Γ ⊢ A
---------
→ Γ ⊢ B
-- naturals
zero : ∀ {Γ}
------
→ Γ ⊢ `ℕ
suc : ∀ {Γ}
→ Γ ⊢ `ℕ
------
→ Γ ⊢ `ℕ
case : ∀ {Γ A}
→ Γ ⊢ `ℕ
→ Γ ⊢ A
→ Γ , `ℕ ⊢ A
-----
→ Γ ⊢ A
-- fixpoint
μ_ : ∀ {Γ A}
→ Γ , A ⊢ A
----------
→ Γ ⊢ A
-- primitive numbers
con : ∀ {Γ}
→ ℕ
-------
→ Γ ⊢ Nat
_`*_ : ∀ {Γ}
→ Γ ⊢ Nat
→ Γ ⊢ Nat
-------
→ Γ ⊢ Nat
-- let
`let : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ⊢ A
→ Γ , A ⊢ B
----------
→ Γ ⊢ B
-- products
⟨_,_⟩ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ⊢ A
→ Γ ⊢ B
-----------
→ Γ ⊢ A `× B
`proj₁ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ⊢ A `× B
-----------
→ Γ ⊢ A
`proj₂ : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ ⊢ A `× B
-----------
→ Γ ⊢ B
-- alternative formulation of products
case× : ∀ {Γ A B C}
→ Γ ⊢ A `× B
→ Γ , A , B ⊢ C
--------------
→ Γ ⊢ C
```
### Abbreviating de Bruijn indices
```
lookup : Context → ℕ → Type
lookup (Γ , A) zero = A
lookup (Γ , _) (suc n) = lookup Γ n
lookup ∅ _ = ⊥-elim impossible
where postulate impossible : ⊥
count : ∀ {Γ} → (n : ℕ) → Γ ∋ lookup Γ n
count {Γ , _} zero = Z
count {Γ , _} (suc n) = S (count n)
count {∅} _ = ⊥-elim impossible
where postulate impossible : ⊥
#_ : ∀ {Γ} → (n : ℕ) → Γ ⊢ lookup Γ n
# n = ` count n
```
## Renaming
```
ext : ∀ {Γ Δ} → (∀ {A} → Γ ∋ A → Δ ∋ A) → (∀ {A B} → Γ , A ∋ B → Δ , A ∋ B)
ext ρ Z = Z
ext ρ (S x) = S (ρ x)
rename : ∀ {Γ Δ} → (∀ {A} → Γ ∋ A → Δ ∋ A) → (∀ {A} → Γ ⊢ A → Δ ⊢ A)
rename ρ (` x) = ` (ρ x)
rename ρ (ƛ N) = ƛ (rename (ext ρ) N)
rename ρ (L · M) = (rename ρ L) · (rename ρ M)
rename ρ (zero) = zero
rename ρ (suc M) = suc (rename ρ M)
rename ρ (case L M N) = case (rename ρ L) (rename ρ M) (rename (ext ρ) N)
rename ρ (μ N) = μ (rename (ext ρ) N)
rename ρ (con n) = con n
rename ρ (M `* N) = rename ρ M `* rename ρ N
rename ρ (`let M N) = `let (rename ρ M) (rename (ext ρ) N)
rename ρ ⟨ M , N ⟩ = ⟨ rename ρ M , rename ρ N ⟩
rename ρ (`proj₁ L) = `proj₁ (rename ρ L)
rename ρ (`proj₂ L) = `proj₂ (rename ρ L)
rename ρ (case× L M) = case× (rename ρ L) (rename (ext (ext ρ)) M)
```
## Simultaneous Substitution
```
exts : ∀ {Γ Δ} → (∀ {A} → Γ ∋ A → Δ ⊢ A) → (∀ {A B} → Γ , A ∋ B → Δ , A ⊢ B)
exts σ Z = ` Z
exts σ (S x) = rename S_ (σ x)
subst : ∀ {Γ Δ} → (∀ {C} → Γ ∋ C → Δ ⊢ C) → (∀ {C} → Γ ⊢ C → Δ ⊢ C)
subst σ (` k) = σ k
subst σ (ƛ N) = ƛ (subst (exts σ) N)
subst σ (L · M) = (subst σ L) · (subst σ M)
subst σ (zero) = zero
subst σ (suc M) = suc (subst σ M)
subst σ (case L M N) = case (subst σ L) (subst σ M) (subst (exts σ) N)
subst σ (μ N) = μ (subst (exts σ) N)
subst σ (con n) = con n
subst σ (M `* N) = subst σ M `* subst σ N
subst σ (`let M N) = `let (subst σ M) (subst (exts σ) N)
subst σ ⟨ M , N ⟩ = ⟨ subst σ M , subst σ N ⟩
subst σ (`proj₁ L) = `proj₁ (subst σ L)
subst σ (`proj₂ L) = `proj₂ (subst σ L)
subst σ (case× L M) = case× (subst σ L) (subst (exts (exts σ)) M)
```
## Single and double substitution
```
_[_] : ∀ {Γ A B}
→ Γ , A ⊢ B
→ Γ ⊢ A
------------
→ Γ ⊢ B
_[_] {Γ} {A} N V = subst {Γ , A} {Γ} σ N
where
σ : ∀ {B} → Γ , A ∋ B → Γ ⊢ B
σ Z = V
σ (S x) = ` x
_[_][_] : ∀ {Γ A B C}
→ Γ , A , B ⊢ C
→ Γ ⊢ A
→ Γ ⊢ B
---------------
→ Γ ⊢ C
_[_][_] {Γ} {A} {B} N V W = subst {Γ , A , B} {Γ} σ N
where
σ : ∀ {C} → Γ , A , B ∋ C → Γ ⊢ C
σ Z = W
σ (S Z) = V
σ (S (S x)) = ` x
```
## Values
```
data Value : ∀ {Γ A} → Γ ⊢ A → Set where
-- functions
V-ƛ : ∀ {Γ A B} {N : Γ , A ⊢ B}
---------------------------
→ Value (ƛ N)
-- naturals
V-zero : ∀ {Γ} →
-----------------
Value (zero {Γ})
V-suc : ∀ {Γ} {V : Γ ⊢ `ℕ}
→ Value V
--------------
→ Value (suc V)
-- primitives
V-con : ∀ {Γ n}
---------------------
→ Value {Γ = Γ} (con n)
-- products
V-⟨_,_⟩ : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {W : Γ ⊢ B}
→ Value V
→ Value W
----------------
→ Value ⟨ V , W ⟩
```
Implicit arguments need to be supplied when they are
not fixed by the given arguments.
## Reduction
```
infix 2 _—→_
data _—→_ : ∀ {Γ A} → (Γ ⊢ A) → (Γ ⊢ A) → Set where
-- functions
ξ-·₁ : ∀ {Γ A B} {L L′ : Γ ⊢ A ⇒ B} {M : Γ ⊢ A}
→ L —→ L′
---------------
→ L · M —→ L′ · M
ξ-·₂ : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A ⇒ B} {M M′ : Γ ⊢ A}
→ Value V
→ M —→ M′
---------------
→ V · M —→ V · M′
β-ƛ : ∀ {Γ A B} {N : Γ , A ⊢ B} {V : Γ ⊢ A}
→ Value V
--------------------
→ (ƛ N) · V —→ N [ V ]
-- naturals
ξ-suc : ∀ {Γ} {M M′ : Γ ⊢ `ℕ}
→ M —→ M′
-----------------
→ suc M —→ suc M′
ξ-case : ∀ {Γ A} {L L′ : Γ ⊢ `ℕ} {M : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ , `ℕ ⊢ A}
→ L —→ L′
-------------------------
→ case L M N —→ case L′ M N
β-zero : ∀ {Γ A} {M : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ , `ℕ ⊢ A}
-------------------
→ case zero M N —→ M
β-suc : ∀ {Γ A} {V : Γ ⊢ `ℕ} {M : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ , `ℕ ⊢ A}
→ Value V
----------------------------
→ case (suc V) M N —→ N [ V ]
-- fixpoint
β-μ : ∀ {Γ A} {N : Γ , A ⊢ A}
----------------
→ μ N —→ N [ μ N ]
-- primitive numbers
ξ-*₁ : ∀ {Γ} {L L′ M : Γ ⊢ Nat}
→ L —→ L′
-----------------
→ L `* M —→ L′ `* M
ξ-*₂ : ∀ {Γ} {V M M′ : Γ ⊢ Nat}
→ Value V
→ M —→ M′
-----------------
→ V `* M —→ V `* M′
δ-* : ∀ {Γ c d}
-------------------------------------
→ con {Γ = Γ} c `* con d —→ con (c * d)
-- let
ξ-let : ∀ {Γ A B} {M M′ : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ , A ⊢ B}
→ M —→ M′
---------------------
→ `let M N —→ `let M′ N
β-let : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ , A ⊢ B}
→ Value V
-------------------
→ `let V N —→ N [ V ]
-- products
ξ-⟨,⟩₁ : ∀ {Γ A B} {M M′ : Γ ⊢ A} {N : Γ ⊢ B}
→ M —→ M′
-------------------------
→ ⟨ M , N ⟩ —→ ⟨ M′ , N ⟩
ξ-⟨,⟩₂ : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {N N′ : Γ ⊢ B}
→ Value V
→ N —→ N′
-------------------------
→ ⟨ V , N ⟩ —→ ⟨ V , N′ ⟩
ξ-proj₁ : ∀ {Γ A B} {L L′ : Γ ⊢ A `× B}
→ L —→ L′
---------------------
→ `proj₁ L —→ `proj₁ L′
ξ-proj₂ : ∀ {Γ A B} {L L′ : Γ ⊢ A `× B}
→ L —→ L′
---------------------
→ `proj₂ L —→ `proj₂ L′
β-proj₁ : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {W : Γ ⊢ B}
→ Value V
→ Value W
----------------------
→ `proj₁ ⟨ V , W ⟩ —→ V
β-proj₂ : ∀ {Γ A B} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {W : Γ ⊢ B}
→ Value V
→ Value W
----------------------
→ `proj₂ ⟨ V , W ⟩ —→ W
-- alternative formulation of products
ξ-case× : ∀ {Γ A B C} {L L′ : Γ ⊢ A `× B} {M : Γ , A , B ⊢ C}
→ L —→ L′
-----------------------
→ case× L M —→ case× L′ M
β-case× : ∀ {Γ A B C} {V : Γ ⊢ A} {W : Γ ⊢ B} {M : Γ , A , B ⊢ C}
→ Value V
→ Value W
----------------------------------
→ case× ⟨ V , W ⟩ M —→ M [ V ][ W ]
```
## Reflexive and transitive closure
```
infix 2 _—↠_
infix 1 begin_
infixr 2 _—→⟨_⟩_
infix 3 _∎
data _—↠_ : ∀ {Γ A} → (Γ ⊢ A) → (Γ ⊢ A) → Set where
_∎ : ∀ {Γ A} (M : Γ ⊢ A)
--------
→ M —↠ M
_—→⟨_⟩_ : ∀ {Γ A} (L : Γ ⊢ A) {M N : Γ ⊢ A}
→ L —→ M
→ M —↠ N
------
→ L —↠ N
begin_ : ∀ {Γ} {A} {M N : Γ ⊢ A}
→ M —↠ N
------
→ M —↠ N
begin M—↠N = M—↠N
```
## Values do not reduce
```
V¬—→ : ∀ {Γ A} {M N : Γ ⊢ A}
→ Value M
----------
→ ¬ (M —→ N)
V¬—→ V-ƛ ()
V¬—→ V-zero ()
V¬—→ (V-suc VM) (ξ-suc M—→M′) = V¬—→ VM M—→M′
V¬—→ V-con ()
V¬—→ V-⟨ VM , _ ⟩ (ξ-⟨,⟩₁ M—→M′) = V¬—→ VM M—→M′
V¬—→ V-⟨ _ , VN ⟩ (ξ-⟨,⟩₂ _ N—→N′) = V¬—→ VN N—→N′
```
## Progress
```
data Progress {A} (M : ∅ ⊢ A) : Set where
step : ∀ {N : ∅ ⊢ A}
→ M —→ N
----------
→ Progress M
done :
Value M
----------
→ Progress M
progress : ∀ {A}
→ (M : ∅ ⊢ A)
-----------
→ Progress M
progress (` ())
progress (ƛ N) = done V-ƛ
progress (L · M) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-·₁ L—→L′)
... | done V-ƛ with progress M
... | step M—→M′ = step (ξ-·₂ V-ƛ M—→M′)
... | done VM = step (β-ƛ VM)
progress (zero) = done V-zero
progress (suc M) with progress M
... | step M—→M′ = step (ξ-suc M—→M′)
... | done VM = done (V-suc VM)
progress (case L M N) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-case L—→L′)
... | done V-zero = step β-zero
... | done (V-suc VL) = step (β-suc VL)
progress (μ N) = step β-μ
progress (con n) = done V-con
progress (L `* M) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-*₁ L—→L′)
... | done V-con with progress M
... | step M—→M′ = step (ξ-*₂ V-con M—→M′)
... | done V-con = step δ-*
progress (`let M N) with progress M
... | step M—→M′ = step (ξ-let M—→M′)
... | done VM = step (β-let VM)
progress ⟨ M , N ⟩ with progress M
... | step M—→M′ = step (ξ-⟨,⟩₁ M—→M′)
... | done VM with progress N
... | step N—→N′ = step (ξ-⟨,⟩₂ VM N—→N′)
... | done VN = done (V-⟨ VM , VN ⟩)
progress (`proj₁ L) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-proj₁ L—→L′)
... | done (V-⟨ VM , VN ⟩) = step (β-proj₁ VM VN)
progress (`proj₂ L) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-proj₂ L—→L′)
... | done (V-⟨ VM , VN ⟩) = step (β-proj₂ VM VN)
progress (case× L M) with progress L
... | step L—→L′ = step (ξ-case× L—→L′)
... | done (V-⟨ VM , VN ⟩) = step (β-case× VM VN)
```
## Evaluation
```
record Gas : Set where
constructor gas
field
amount : ℕ
data Finished {Γ A} (N : Γ ⊢ A) : Set where
done :
Value N
----------
→ Finished N
out-of-gas :
----------
Finished N
data Steps : ∀ {A} → ∅ ⊢ A → Set where
steps : ∀ {A} {L N : ∅ ⊢ A}
→ L —↠ N
→ Finished N
----------
→ Steps L
eval : ∀ {A}
→ Gas
→ (L : ∅ ⊢ A)
-----------
→ Steps L
eval (gas zero) L = steps (L ∎) out-of-gas
eval (gas (suc m)) L with progress L
... | done VL = steps (L ∎) (done VL)
... | step {M} L—→M with eval (gas m) M
... | steps M—↠N fin = steps (L —→⟨ L—→M ⟩ M—↠N) fin
```
## Examples
```
cube : ∅ ⊢ Nat ⇒ Nat
cube = ƛ (# 0 `* # 0 `* # 0)
_ : cube · con 2 —↠ con 8
_ =
begin
cube · con 2
—→⟨ β-ƛ V-con ⟩
con 2 `* con 2 `* con 2
—→⟨ ξ-*₁ δ-* ⟩
con 4 `* con 2
—→⟨ δ-* ⟩
con 8
∎
exp10 : ∅ ⊢ Nat ⇒ Nat
exp10 = ƛ (`let (# 0 `* # 0)
(`let (# 0 `* # 0)
(`let (# 0 `* # 2)
(# 0 `* # 0))))
_ : exp10 · con 2 —↠ con 1024
_ =
begin
exp10 · con 2
—→⟨ β-ƛ V-con ⟩
`let (con 2 `* con 2) (`let (# 0 `* # 0) (`let (# 0 `* con 2) (# 0 `* # 0)))
—→⟨ ξ-let δ-* ⟩
`let (con 4) (`let (# 0 `* # 0) (`let (# 0 `* con 2) (# 0 `* # 0)))
—→⟨ β-let V-con ⟩
`let (con 4 `* con 4) (`let (# 0 `* con 2) (# 0 `* # 0))
—→⟨ ξ-let δ-* ⟩
`let (con 16) (`let (# 0 `* con 2) (# 0 `* # 0))
—→⟨ β-let V-con ⟩
`let (con 16 `* con 2) (# 0 `* # 0)
—→⟨ ξ-let δ-* ⟩
`let (con 32) (# 0 `* # 0)
—→⟨ β-let V-con ⟩
con 32 `* con 32
—→⟨ δ-* ⟩
con 1024
∎
swap× : ∀ {A B} → ∅ ⊢ A `× B ⇒ B `× A
swap× = ƛ ⟨ `proj₂ (# 0) , `proj₁ (# 0) ⟩
_ : swap× · ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ —↠ ⟨ zero , con 42 ⟩
_ =
begin
swap× · ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩
—→⟨ β-ƛ V-⟨ V-con , V-zero ⟩ ⟩
⟨ `proj₂ ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ , `proj₁ ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ ⟩
—→⟨ ξ-⟨,⟩₁ (β-proj₂ V-con V-zero) ⟩
⟨ zero , `proj₁ ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ ⟩
—→⟨ ξ-⟨,⟩₂ V-zero (β-proj₁ V-con V-zero) ⟩
⟨ zero , con 42 ⟩
∎
swap×-case : ∀ {A B} → ∅ ⊢ A `× B ⇒ B `× A
swap×-case = ƛ case× (# 0) ⟨ # 0 , # 1 ⟩
_ : swap×-case · ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ —↠ ⟨ zero , con 42 ⟩
_ =
begin
swap×-case · ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩
—→⟨ β-ƛ V-⟨ V-con , V-zero ⟩ ⟩
case× ⟨ con 42 , zero ⟩ ⟨ # 0 , # 1 ⟩
—→⟨ β-case× V-con V-zero ⟩
⟨ zero , con 42 ⟩
∎
```
#### Exercise `More` (recommended in part)
Formalise the remaining constructs defined in this chapter.
Evaluate each example, applied to data as needed,
to confirm it returns the expected answer.
* sums (recommended)
* unit type
* an alternative formulation of unit type
* empty type (recommended)
* lists
## Bisimulation
(No recommended exercises for this chapter.)
#### Exercise `sim⁻¹`
Show that we also have a simulation in the other direction, and hence that we have
a bisimulation.
#### Exercise `products`
Show that the two formulations of products in
Chapter [More][plfa.More]
are in bisimulation. The only constructs you need to include are
variables, and those connected to functions and products.
In this case, the simulation is _not_ lock-step.
## Inference
```
module Inference where
```
Remember to indent all code by two spaces.
### Imports
```
import plfa.part2.More as DB
```
### Syntax
```
infix 4 _∋_⦂_
infix 4 _⊢_↑_
infix 4 _⊢_↓_
infixl 5 _,_⦂_
infixr 7 _⇒_
infix 5 ƛ_⇒_
infix 5 μ_⇒_
infix 6 _↑
infix 6 _↓_
infixl 7 _·_
infix 9 `_
```
### Identifiers, types, and contexts
```
Id : Set
Id = String
data Type : Set where
`ℕ : Type
_⇒_ : Type → Type → Type
data Context : Set where
∅ : Context
_,_⦂_ : Context → Id → Type → Context
```
### Terms
```
data Term⁺ : Set
data Term⁻ : Set
data Term⁺ where
`_ : Id → Term⁺
_·_ : Term⁺ → Term⁻ → Term⁺
_↓_ : Term⁻ → Type → Term⁺
data Term⁻ where
ƛ_⇒_ : Id → Term⁻ → Term⁻
zero : Term⁻
suc : Term⁻ → Term⁻
case_[zero⇒_|suc_⇒_] : Term⁺ → Term⁻ → Id → Term⁻ → Term⁻
μ_⇒_ : Id → Term⁻ → Term⁻
_↑ : Term⁺ → Term⁻
```
### Sample terms
```
two : Term⁻
two = suc (suc zero)
plus : Term⁺
plus = (μ "p" ⇒ ƛ "m" ⇒ ƛ "n" ⇒
case (` "m") [zero⇒ ` "n" ↑
|suc "m" ⇒ suc (` "p" · (` "m" ↑) · (` "n" ↑) ↑) ])
↓ `ℕ ⇒ `ℕ ⇒ `ℕ
```
### Lookup
```
data _∋_⦂_ : Context → Id → Type → Set where
Z : ∀ {Γ x A}
--------------------
→ Γ , x ⦂ A ∋ x ⦂ A
S : ∀ {Γ x y A B}
→ x ≢ y
→ Γ ∋ x ⦂ A
-----------------
→ Γ , y ⦂ B ∋ x ⦂ A
```
### Bidirectional type checking
```
data _⊢_↑_ : Context → Term⁺ → Type → Set
data _⊢_↓_ : Context → Term⁻ → Type → Set
data _⊢_↑_ where
⊢` : ∀ {Γ A x}
→ Γ ∋ x ⦂ A
-----------
→ Γ ⊢ ` x ↑ A
_·_ : ∀ {Γ L M A B}
→ Γ ⊢ L ↑ A ⇒ B
→ Γ ⊢ M ↓ A
-------------
→ Γ ⊢ L · M ↑ B
⊢↓ : ∀ {Γ M A}
→ Γ ⊢ M ↓ A
---------------
→ Γ ⊢ (M ↓ A) ↑ A
data _⊢_↓_ where
⊢ƛ : ∀ {Γ x N A B}
→ Γ , x ⦂ A ⊢ N ↓ B
-------------------
→ Γ ⊢ ƛ x ⇒ N ↓ A ⇒ B
⊢zero : ∀ {Γ}
--------------
→ Γ ⊢ zero ↓ `ℕ
⊢suc : ∀ {Γ M}
→ Γ ⊢ M ↓ `ℕ
---------------
→ Γ ⊢ suc M ↓ `ℕ
⊢case : ∀ {Γ L M x N A}
→ Γ ⊢ L ↑ `ℕ
→ Γ ⊢ M ↓ A
→ Γ , x ⦂ `ℕ ⊢ N ↓ A
-------------------------------------
→ Γ ⊢ case L [zero⇒ M |suc x ⇒ N ] ↓ A
⊢μ : ∀ {Γ x N A}
→ Γ , x ⦂ A ⊢ N ↓ A
-----------------
→ Γ ⊢ μ x ⇒ N ↓ A
⊢↑ : ∀ {Γ M A B}
→ Γ ⊢ M ↑ A
→ A ≡ B
-------------
→ Γ ⊢ (M ↑) ↓ B
```
### Type equality
```
_≟Tp_ : (A B : Type) → Dec (A ≡ B)
`ℕ ≟Tp `ℕ = yes refl
`ℕ ≟Tp (A ⇒ B) = no λ()
(A ⇒ B) ≟Tp `ℕ = no λ()
(A ⇒ B) ≟Tp (A′ ⇒ B′)
with A ≟Tp A′ | B ≟Tp B′
... | no A≢ | _ = no λ{refl → A≢ refl}
... | yes _ | no B≢ = no λ{refl → B≢ refl}
... | yes refl | yes refl = yes refl
```
### Prerequisites
```
dom≡ : ∀ {A A′ B B′} → A ⇒ B ≡ A′ ⇒ B′ → A ≡ A′
dom≡ refl = refl
rng≡ : ∀ {A A′ B B′} → A ⇒ B ≡ A′ ⇒ B′ → B ≡ B′
rng≡ refl = refl
ℕ≢⇒ : ∀ {A B} → `ℕ ≢ A ⇒ B
ℕ≢⇒ ()
```
### Unique lookup
```
uniq-∋ : ∀ {Γ x A B} → Γ ∋ x ⦂ A → Γ ∋ x ⦂ B → A ≡ B
uniq-∋ Z Z = refl
uniq-∋ Z (S x≢y _) = ⊥-elim (x≢y refl)
uniq-∋ (S x≢y _) Z = ⊥-elim (x≢y refl)
uniq-∋ (S _ ∋x) (S _ ∋x′) = uniq-∋ ∋x ∋x′
```
### Unique synthesis
```
uniq-↑ : ∀ {Γ M A B} → Γ ⊢ M ↑ A → Γ ⊢ M ↑ B → A ≡ B
uniq-↑ (⊢` ∋x) (⊢` ∋x′) = uniq-∋ ∋x ∋x′
uniq-↑ (⊢L · ⊢M) (⊢L′ · ⊢M′) = rng≡ (uniq-↑ ⊢L ⊢L′)
uniq-↑ (⊢↓ ⊢M) (⊢↓ ⊢M′) = refl
```
## Lookup type of a variable in the context
```
ext∋ : ∀ {Γ B x y}
→ x ≢ y
→ ¬ (∃[ A ] Γ ∋ x ⦂ A)
----------------------------
→ ¬ (∃[ A ] Γ , y ⦂ B ∋ x ⦂ A)
ext∋ x≢y _ ⟨ A , Z ⟩ = x≢y refl
ext∋ _ ¬∃ ⟨ A , S _ ⊢x ⟩ = ¬∃ ⟨ A , ⊢x ⟩
lookup : ∀ (Γ : Context) (x : Id)
------------------------
→ Dec (∃[ A ] Γ ∋ x ⦂ A)
lookup ∅ x = no (λ ())
lookup (Γ , y ⦂ B) x with x ≟ y
... | yes refl = yes ⟨ B , Z ⟩
... | no x≢y with lookup Γ x
... | no ¬∃ = no (ext∋ x≢y ¬∃)
... | yes ⟨ A , ⊢x ⟩ = yes ⟨ A , S x≢y ⊢x ⟩
```
### Promoting negations
```
¬arg : ∀ {Γ A B L M}
→ Γ ⊢ L ↑ A ⇒ B
→ ¬ Γ ⊢ M ↓ A
----------------------------
→ ¬ (∃[ B′ ] Γ ⊢ L · M ↑ B′)
¬arg ⊢L ¬⊢M ⟨ B′ , ⊢L′ · ⊢M′ ⟩ rewrite dom≡ (uniq-↑ ⊢L ⊢L′) = ¬⊢M ⊢M′
¬switch : ∀ {Γ M A B}
→ Γ ⊢ M ↑ A
→ A ≢ B
---------------
→ ¬ Γ ⊢ (M ↑) ↓ B
¬switch ⊢M A≢B (⊢↑ ⊢M′ A′≡B) rewrite uniq-↑ ⊢M ⊢M′ = A≢B A′≡B
```
## Synthesize and inherit types
```
synthesize : ∀ (Γ : Context) (M : Term⁺)
---------------------------
→ Dec (∃[ A ] Γ ⊢ M ↑ A)
inherit : ∀ (Γ : Context) (M : Term⁻) (A : Type)
---------------
→ Dec (Γ ⊢ M ↓ A)
synthesize Γ (` x) with lookup Γ x
... | no ¬∃ = no (λ{ ⟨ A , ⊢` ∋x ⟩ → ¬∃ ⟨ A , ∋x ⟩ })
... | yes ⟨ A , ∋x ⟩ = yes ⟨ A , ⊢` ∋x ⟩
synthesize Γ (L · M) with synthesize Γ L
... | no ¬∃ = no (λ{ ⟨ _ , ⊢L · _ ⟩ → ¬∃ ⟨ _ , ⊢L ⟩ })
... | yes ⟨ `ℕ , ⊢L ⟩ = no (λ{ ⟨ _ , ⊢L′ · _ ⟩ → ℕ≢⇒ (uniq-↑ ⊢L ⊢L′) })
... | yes ⟨ A ⇒ B , ⊢L ⟩ with inherit Γ M A
... | no ¬⊢M = no (¬arg ⊢L ¬⊢M)
... | yes ⊢M = yes ⟨ B , ⊢L · ⊢M ⟩
synthesize Γ (M ↓ A) with inherit Γ M A
... | no ¬⊢M = no (λ{ ⟨ _ , ⊢↓ ⊢M ⟩ → ¬⊢M ⊢M })
... | yes ⊢M = yes ⟨ A , ⊢↓ ⊢M ⟩
inherit Γ (ƛ x ⇒ N) `ℕ = no (λ())
inherit Γ (ƛ x ⇒ N) (A ⇒ B) with inherit (Γ , x ⦂ A) N B
... | no ¬⊢N = no (λ{ (⊢ƛ ⊢N) → ¬⊢N ⊢N })
... | yes ⊢N = yes (⊢ƛ ⊢N)
inherit Γ zero `ℕ = yes ⊢zero
inherit Γ zero (A ⇒ B) = no (λ())
inherit Γ (suc M) `ℕ with inherit Γ M `ℕ
... | no ¬⊢M = no (λ{ (⊢suc ⊢M) → ¬⊢M ⊢M })
... | yes ⊢M = yes (⊢suc ⊢M)
inherit Γ (suc M) (A ⇒ B) = no (λ())
inherit Γ (case L [zero⇒ M |suc x ⇒ N ]) A with synthesize Γ L
... | no ¬∃ = no (λ{ (⊢case ⊢L _ _) → ¬∃ ⟨ `ℕ , ⊢L ⟩})
... | yes ⟨ _ ⇒ _ , ⊢L ⟩ = no (λ{ (⊢case ⊢L′ _ _) → ℕ≢⇒ (uniq-↑ ⊢L′ ⊢L) })
... | yes ⟨ `ℕ , ⊢L ⟩ with inherit Γ M A
... | no ¬⊢M = no (λ{ (⊢case _ ⊢M _) → ¬⊢M ⊢M })
... | yes ⊢M with inherit (Γ , x ⦂ `ℕ) N A
... | no ¬⊢N = no (λ{ (⊢case _ _ ⊢N) → ¬⊢N ⊢N })
... | yes ⊢N = yes (⊢case ⊢L ⊢M ⊢N)
inherit Γ (μ x ⇒ N) A with inherit (Γ , x ⦂ A) N A
... | no ¬⊢N = no (λ{ (⊢μ ⊢N) → ¬⊢N ⊢N })
... | yes ⊢N = yes (⊢μ ⊢N)
inherit Γ (M ↑) B with synthesize Γ M
... | no ¬∃ = no (λ{ (⊢↑ ⊢M _) → ¬∃ ⟨ _ , ⊢M ⟩ })
... | yes ⟨ A , ⊢M ⟩ with A ≟Tp B
... | no A≢B = no (¬switch ⊢M A≢B)
... | yes A≡B = yes (⊢↑ ⊢M A≡B)
```
### Erasure
```
∥_∥Tp : Type → DB.Type
∥ `ℕ ∥Tp = DB.`ℕ
∥ A ⇒ B ∥Tp = ∥ A ∥Tp DB.⇒ ∥ B ∥Tp
∥_∥Cx : Context → DB.Context
∥ ∅ ∥Cx = DB.∅
∥ Γ , x ⦂ A ∥Cx = ∥ Γ ∥Cx DB., ∥ A ∥Tp
∥_∥∋ : ∀ {Γ x A} → Γ ∋ x ⦂ A → ∥ Γ ∥Cx DB.∋ ∥ A ∥Tp
∥ Z ∥∋ = DB.Z
∥ S x≢ ⊢x ∥∋ = DB.S ∥ ⊢x ∥∋
∥_∥⁺ : ∀ {Γ M A} → Γ ⊢ M ↑ A → ∥ Γ ∥Cx DB.⊢ ∥ A ∥Tp
∥_∥⁻ : ∀ {Γ M A} → Γ ⊢ M ↓ A → ∥ Γ ∥Cx DB.⊢ ∥ A ∥Tp
∥ ⊢` ⊢x ∥⁺ = DB.` ∥ ⊢x ∥∋
∥ ⊢L · ⊢M ∥⁺ = ∥ ⊢L ∥⁺ DB.· ∥ ⊢M ∥⁻
∥ ⊢↓ ⊢M ∥⁺ = ∥ ⊢M ∥⁻
∥ ⊢ƛ ⊢N ∥⁻ = DB.ƛ ∥ ⊢N ∥⁻
∥ ⊢zero ∥⁻ = DB.`zero
∥ ⊢suc ⊢M ∥⁻ = DB.`suc ∥ ⊢M ∥⁻
∥ ⊢case ⊢L ⊢M ⊢N ∥⁻ = DB.case ∥ ⊢L ∥⁺ ∥ ⊢M ∥⁻ ∥ ⊢N ∥⁻
∥ ⊢μ ⊢M ∥⁻ = DB.μ ∥ ⊢M ∥⁻
∥ ⊢↑ ⊢M refl ∥⁻ = ∥ ⊢M ∥⁺
```
#### Exercise `bidirectional-mul` (recommended) {#bidirectional-mul}
Rewrite your definition of multiplication from
Chapter [Lambda][plfa.Lambda], decorated to support inference.
#### Exercise `bidirectional-products` (recommended) {#bidirectional-products}
Extend the bidirectional type rules to include products from
Chapter [More][plfa.More].
#### Exercise `bidirectional-rest` (stretch)
Extend the bidirectional type rules to include the rest of the constructs from
Chapter [More][plfa.More].
#### Exercise `inference-mul` (recommended)
Rewrite your definition of multiplication from
Chapter [Lambda][plfa.Lambda] decorated to support inference, and show
that erasure of the inferred typing yields your definition of
multiplication from Chapter [DeBruijn][plfa.DeBruijn].
#### Exercise `inference-products` (recommended)
Extend bidirectional inference to include products from
Chapter [More][plfa.More].
#### Exercise `inference-rest` (stretch)
Extend bidirectional inference to include the rest of the constructs from
Chapter [More][plfa.More].
## Untyped
#### Exercise (`Type≃⊤`)
Show that `Type` is isomorphic to `⊤`, the unit type.
#### Exercise (`Context≃ℕ`)
Show that `Context` is isomorphic to `ℕ`.
#### Exercise (`variant-1`)
How would the rules change if we want call-by-value where terms
normalise completely? Assume that `β` should not permit reduction
unless both terms are in normal form.
#### Exercise (`variant-2`)
How would the rules change if we want call-by-value where terms
do not reduce underneath lambda? Assume that `β`
permits reduction when both terms are values (that is, lambda
abstractions). What would `plusᶜ · twoᶜ · twoᶜ` reduce to in this case?
#### Exercise `plus-eval`
Use the evaluator to confirm that `plus · two · two` and `four`
normalise to the same term.
#### Exercise `multiplication-untyped` (recommended)
Use the encodings above to translate your definition of
multiplication from previous chapters with the Scott
representation and the encoding of the fixpoint operator.
Confirm that two times two is four.
#### Exercise `encode-more` (stretch)
Along the lines above, encode all of the constructs of
Chapter [More][plfa.More],
save for primitive numbers, in the untyped lambda calculus.